Background
Corona virus is a larger family of viruses that cause illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). A new outbreak of the corona virus erupted in 2019 in China.1 Take all COVID-19 vaccine doses recommended to you by your health authority as soon as it is your turn, including a booster dose if recommended.2 It is still possible to get COVID-19 and spread it to others after being vaccinated, so continue to do everything you can to keep yourself and others healthy. Continue keeping a safe distance from others and avoiding crowds, wearing a well-fitting mask covering your mouth and nose, keeping indoor spaces well ventilated, cleaning hands regularly and covering coughs and sneezes,3 If you do get COVID-19 after vaccine, you are more likely to have mild or no symptoms than if you hadn’t been vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccines were initially released under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), they were still approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 4
1. Reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection, health complications, hospitalization, and death for children. While COVID-19 is less likely to cause severe illness in children than in adults, many children HAVE gotten very sick after being infected:5 2. Reducing the spread of COVID-19. Children CAN be infected and spread COVID-19 to others, including people they come in contact within their school, their community, and their household. As we all know too well, there have been outbreaks in schools and summer camps that have led to severe cases as well as closures.6 Children with certain health conditions or who live in an environment with higher exposure to COVID-19 are at higher risk of COVID-19Severe COVID-19 illness is also occurring at higher rates in Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic children than in non-Hispanic White children because of systemic racial inequities. Making the vaccine widely available for this age group helps to ensure that those who need it most do not face additional hurdles in getting vaccinated.COVID-19 vaccines protect against the SARS-CoV-2 virus only, so it’s still important to keep yourself healthy and well. 3. Getting vaccinated could save your life.7 COVID-19 vaccines provide strong protection against serious illness, hospitalization and death. There is also some evidence that being vaccinated will make it less likely that you will pass the virus on to others, which means your decision to get the vaccine also protects those around you. 4. Precautions to protect Even after getting vaccinated, keep taking precautions to protect yourself, family, friends and anyone else you may come into contact with. COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective, but some people will still get ill from COVID-19 after vaccination.8 There is also still a chance that you could also pass the virus on to others who are not vaccinated. Stay at least 1 metre away from other people, wear a properly fitted mask over your nose and mouth when you can’t keep this distance, avoid poorly ventilated places and settings, clean your hands frequently, stay home if unwell and get tested, and stay informed about how much virus is circulating in the areas where you travel, live and work.9
Need for the Study
There are proportionally fewer symptomatic infections, and cases with severe disease and deaths from COVID-19 in children and adolescents, compared with older age groups.WHO, reported deaths 6,243,038 rate of COVID 19 and vaccine doses have been administered of 11,561,829,818. Mothers are the first care providers of their children, is needed to reduce the 12 to 18 year mortality rate. One of the ways to achieve reduction of 12 to 18 year mortality is to educate the mothers on matters pertaining to child care.
International level report India began administration of COVID-19 vaccinations on 2021. As of 2022, India has administered over 1.8 billion doses overall, including first, second and precautionary booster doses of the currently approved vaccinations. In India, 95% of the eligible population 12 has received at least one shot, and 80% of the eligible population 12 is fully vaccinated. 10
State-level reports are the best publicly available and timely data on child COVID-19 cases in the United States. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children’s Hospital Association are collaborating to collect and share all publicly available data from states on child COVID-19 Almost 13 million children have tested positive for COVID-19 since the onset of the pandemic according to available state reports; over 149,000 of these cases have been added in the past 4 weeks. Over 5 million reported cases have been added in 2022. 11
A vaccination programme for 15- to 18-year-olds also began in January - more than 75% have received the first dose. Corbevax, which is a protein-based vaccine manufactured by Biological E, got emergency use authorisation from India's drug regulator on 2022 for the age group of 12-18 years. Overall, Age-disaggregated cases reported to WHO from 2019 to 2021 show that Older children and younger adolescents (5 to 14 years) account for 7% (7 058 748) of reported global cases and 0.1% (1 328) of reported global deaths while older adolescents and young adults (15 to 24 years) represent 15% (14 819 320) of reported global cases and 0.4% (7 023) of reported global deaths.12
Objectives of the Study
To assess the Pre test level of knowledge and attitude regarding the covid-19 vaccination among mothers of 12 to 18 year children as measured by structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale.
To assess the post test level knowledge and of attitude regarding covid-19 vaccination among mothers of 12 to 18 year children as measured by structured knowledge questionnaire attitude scale.
To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge and attitude regarding covid-19 vaccination among mothers of 12 to 18 year children in term of gain in post test knowledge and attitude score.
To find the co relation between the knowledge and attitude regarding covid-19 vaccination among the mother of 12 to 18 year children.
To find out the association between post test level of knowledge with their selected demographic variables.
To find out the association between post test level of attitude with their selected demographic variables.
Hypotheses
RH1 – There will be significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores regarding COVID-19 vaccination12 to 18 year children among mothers at the level of P≤0.05
RH2 – There will be significant difference between pre-test and post-test attitude scores regarding COVID-19 vaccination12 to 18 year children among mothers at the level of p≤0.05
RH3 – There will be a significant association of pre-test knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccination score with selected socio-demographical variables at the level of p≤0.05.
RH4 – There will be a significant association of pre-test attitude regarding COVID-19 vaccination score with selected socio-demographical variables at the level of p≤0.05.
Materials and Methods
Research approach
The quantitative approach was used to determine the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge and attitude regarding covid-19 vaccination on among mothers of 12 to 18 year children.
Research design
The research design used in this study was quasi experimental one group pre test post test design is used to determine the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge and attitude regarding covid-19 vaccination before and after the self-instructional module among mothers of 12 to 18 year children.
Diagrammatic representation of research design is as follows,
O1 ------ X ------ O2
Setting of the study
The study was conducted selected rural area Bavliya Khurd. It is situated 3 km away from Index Nursing College, Indore.
Population
The target population of this study included the mothers of 12 to 18 year children living in village bavliya khurd selected community area.
Sample size
Sample size of this study consists of 100 mothers of 12 to 18 year children living in selected community area at bavliya khurd.
Sampling technique
Purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. Sample were collected, who fulfill the sampling criteria are included in this study.
Reliability
The test retest was used to establish a reliability of structure questionnaire and attitude scale. Reliability value r =0.82 was satisfactory.
Pilot study
The pilot study was conducted in Morodhat community area. Ten mothers were selected who have 12 to 18 year children. The knowledge of covid-19 vaccination was assessed by using structured knowledge questionnaire. The attitude was assessed by attitude scale It was carried out the same way as a final study in order to test feasibility and practicability. Ten mothers who met the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling method. Pre test was conducted by using structured knowledge questionnaires and attitude scale on covid-19 vaccination. The self-instructional module was conducted on the study group by the same day followed by the pre test. Then after one week of pre test, the post test was conducted for the same group by using the same structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale. The result was analysed based on the score obtained by the mothers, by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The tool and the self-instructional module were found to be effective. The study conformed to be feasible.
Table 1
Frequency and percentage distribution of samples on selected demographic variables n = 100
The data presented in the above table shows, the number of sample was 26 (26%) in the age group of below 20 years, 23 (23%) mothers were in the age group of 21-23 years and 27 (27%) mothers were in the age group of 30-40 years and 24 (24%)in the age group more than 40 year mothers.
Regarding religion 89 (89%) mothers were Hindu, 02 (02%) mothers were Christians, and 06 (06%) mothers were Muslims and 03 (03%) mothers were other.
Regarding occupation, 72 (72%) mothers were house wife, 04 (04%) mothers were teacher, 14 (14%) mothers were Business, and 10 (10%) mothers were teacher.
Regarding family income the majority of them were 19 (19%)earning between < 5000 (In Rupees), 27 (27%) were earning 5001-10000 (In Rupees), 20 (20%) earn in 10001-15000,and in >15001 were belonging to 37 (37%).
Regarding marital status the majority of them are married 90 (90%) followed by unmarried 04 (04%) and are widow 06 (06%).
Regarding education 32 (32%) mothers were illiterate, 51(51%) mothers were completed primary education, 10(10%) mothers were completed secondary education, 05(05%) mothers were undergraduate and 02(02%) were post graduate.
Regarding the source of information 49(49%) mothers got information through television, 14(14%) mothers got information through radio, 11(14%) mothers got information through news paper, 11 (11%) mothers got information through health center, and 15 (15%) mothers got information through health cards.
Regarding previous knowledge about covid -19 vaccination 21(21%) yes and (79%)no.
Table 2
Distribution of samples according to the pre test knowledge scores of mothers regarding COVID-19 vaccination (n=100)
|
Level of knowledge |
Pretest |
Post test |
||
|
Frequency |
Percentage (%) |
Frequency |
Percentage (%) |
|
|
Poor |
40 |
40% |
00 |
00% |
|
Average |
59 |
59% |
80 |
80% |
|
Good |
1 |
01% |
20 |
20% |
|
Total |
100 |
100% |
100 |
100% |
The Table 2 shows that the frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to the pre test knowledge score of mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination. It revealed that 40(40%) mothers had Poor knowledge, and 59(59%) mothers had Average knowledge and 01(01%) mother had Good knowledge about covid-19 vaccination.
The frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to the post test knowledge scores of mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination. It revealed that 00 (00%) mothers had Poor knowledge, 80(80%). mothers had Average knowledge,20(20%) mothers had Good knowledge about covid-19 vaccination.
Table 3
Distribution of samples according to the pre test attitude scores of mothers regarding COVID-19 vaccination (n=100)
The Table 3 shows that the frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to the pre test attitude score of mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination. It revealed that 21(21%) mothers had Very poor attitude, and 55(55%) mothers had Poor attitude about covid-19 vaccination, 21(21%) mothers had Faire attitude and 03(03%) mothers had Good attitude about covid-19 vaccination, 00(00%) mothers had Excellent attitude.
The Table 3 shows that the frequency and percentage distribution of samples according to the pre test attitude score of mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination. It revealed that 02 (02%) mothers had Very poor attitude, and 44 (44%) mothers had Poor attitude about covid-19 vaccination, 40 (40%) mothers had Faire attitude and 13 (13%) mothers had Good attitude about covid-19 vaccination, 01 (01%) mothers had Excellent attitude
Comparison of the pretest and post test knowledge score on mothers regarding COVID-19 vaccination
To test the statistical significant difference between the mean pretest and posttest knowledge scores of the mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination, the following null hypothesis was stated.
Hypothesis-0
The mean post test knowledge score is higher than the mean pre test knowledge score regarding covid-19 vaccination among the mothers of 12 to 18 year children.
Table 5
The meanpost test attitude score is higher than the mean pre test attitude score regarding covid-19 vaccination among the mothers of 12 to 18 year children.
|
Knowledge score |
Mean |
SD |
‘t’Test Value |
|
Pre test |
18.400 |
8.138 |
-17.30* |
|
Post test |
24.470 |
8.758 |
P-Value = 0.000 |
Table 6
Relationship betweenpost test level of knowledge and attitude among 12 to 18 year mothers.
|
S. No |
Calculated ‘r’ value |
Table “r” value |
|
1. |
-0.22 |
0.381 |
Table 7
To identify the association between the post test knowledge scores on covid-19 vaccination of mothers and the selected demographic variables. The following null hypothesis was stated.
Table 8
There will be no significant association between the post test knowledge scores of mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination and selected demographic variables
The Table 4 shows that, mean post test knowledge score of the mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination are significantly higher than their mean pre test knowledge scores.
In order to find out the significant difference between the mean score of pre and post test knowledge score of the mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination paired ‘t’ test was computed. The calculated value is higher than the table value, the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis was accepted. Hence the researcher concluded that gain in knowledge is not by chance but by STP on covid-19 vaccination.
Comparison of the pretest and post test attitude score on mothers regarding COVID-19 vaccination.
To test the statistical significant difference between the mean pretest and post test attitude scores of the mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination, the following null hypothesis was stated.
Hypothesis-0Table 5
The Table 5 shows that, mean post test attitude score of the mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination are significantly higher than their mean pre test attitude scores.
In order to find out the significant difference between the mean score of pre and post test attitude score of the mothers regarding covid-19 vaccination paired ‘t’ test was computed. The calculated value is higher than the table value, the null hypothesis was rejected and the research hypothesis was accepted. Hence the researcher concluded that change of attitude e is not by chance but by STP on covid-19 vaccination.
The ‘r’ value of post test level of knowledge and attitude was -0.22, there was a negative correlation between knowledge and attitude which was not significant
Association between the Post Test Knowledge Scores on Mothers Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination and Demographic Variables Table 7
Hypothesis ITable 8
Association Between the Post Test Attitude Scores on Mothers Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination and Demographic Variables
To identify the association between the post test attitude scores on covid-19 vaccination of mothers and the selected demographic variables. The following null hypothesis was stated.
Discussion
The subjects were assessed by the demographic data and knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale. The investigator has to identify the effectiveness of covid-19 vaccination among mothers who have 12 to 18 years children has taken effort to improve the knowledge and attitude of the mothers. Covid-19 vaccination teaching was given by means of flash cards on covid-19 vaccination. After post test was conducted to find the effectiveness of teaching.
Summary
A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on covid-19 vaccination among mothers of children in selected area of Bavliya khurd. The research design of the study is quasi experimental research design with one group pretest and posttest. Total 30 mothers were taken who have under 5 children, purposive sampling technique was used to select the mothers. The conceptual model of the study was general system model.
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