Introduction
In the present world, the only word we hear is COVID-19 also called novel coronavirus, which has spread all over the globe, originated from Wuhan in China.1 It started on November 17th, 2019 it was reported and now it becomes a major challenge in the global world which has become very hard to treat as there is no antidote for the virus till date. Coronaviruses affects numerous types of creatures, including people. Coronaviruses have been portrayed for over 50 years, the disengagement of the model Murine coronavirus strain, for instance was accounted in 1949.WHO held its first meeting on 23 January 2020 which stated that International Health Regulation for the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). 2 WHO on 23rd January 2020 held a meeting about novel coronavirus which discussed the spread and efforts made by china in investigating and contain the virus which started in China. Globally there are 1,426,096 in this total death are 81,865 recovered are 300,054. 3 The United States of America is the most affected with 396,223 confirmed cases with 12,722 deaths. 4 In India there are 5,274 confirmed cases and 152 total deaths, 5 most of the confirmed cases are from Maharashtra with 1018 confirmed cases with 61 deaths followed by Tamil Nadu with 690 confirmed cases and 6 deaths. 6 The effect of the illness brought about by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2,7 COVID-19, has been across the board, with more than 120,000 cases analyzed in excess of 100 nations since the infection was distinguished in January of 2020. 8 Preliminary information concentrated on serious respiratory appearances, seen overwhelmingly in grown-ups, with meager beginning information on the weight of COVID-19 in children.
Pathogenesis
Novel coronavirus has an incubation period of 5 to 7days, but most of the symptoms appear on 14th day. 9 It has a unique pathogenesis by using spike protein. It causes both upper respiratory tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection. The spread is through droplets during sneezing and coughing and through surface (tables, paper, desks). 10
Symptoms
People with COVID-19 show wide range of symptoms ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus. People with these symptoms may have COVID-19:
Fever or chills
Cough
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Fatigue
Muscle or body aches
Headache
New loss of taste or smell
Sore throat
Congestion or runny nose
Nausea or vomiting
Diarrhea11
Several reports of COVID-19 on children
1. To begin with, while kids are less inclined to turn into seriously sick than more established grown-ups, there are subpopulations of kids with an expanded hazard for additional critical ailment. These are steady with information on non-COVID-19 coronaviruses. One viral reconnaissance concentrate in a pediatric emergency unit China detailed that coronavirus was recognized in a larger number of youngsters with ARDS than human metapneumovirus. 12, 13
2. Another examination in hospitalized Norwegian youngsters distinguished coronaviruses in 10% of hospitalized kids with respiratory tract diseases. 6 Younger age, hidden pneumonic pathology, and immunocompromising conditions have been related with increasingly extreme results with nonCOVID-19 coronavirus diseases in kids. 14
3. Second, the hazard for extreme ailment from COVID-19 in youngsters is trying to perceive. Earlier investigations have demonstrated that youngsters from whom coronaviruses are identified from the respiratory tract can have viral co-diseases in up to 66% of cases. 6 In the examination by Dong et al., testing for different infections was not normalized, and 66% of cases were clinically analyzed, not virologically affirmed. Besides, kids without virologic affirmation were bound to have extreme illness than youngsters from whom COVID-19 was identified, conceivably on the grounds that their manifestations were brought about by different pathogens. 14
4. Third, youngsters may assume a significant job in network based viral transmission. Accessible information propose that kids may have increasingly upper respiratory tract (counting nasopharyngeal carriage), as opposed to bring down respiratory tract involvement 4 There is additionally proof of fecal shedding in the stool for a little while after diagnosis, 15 prompting worry about fecal-oral transmission of the infection, especially for newborn children and kids who are not can prepared, and for viral replication in the gastrointestinal tract.9 Drawn out shedding in nasal discharges and stool has considerable suggestions for network spread in childcare focuses, schools, and in the home. Moreover, non-COVID-19 coronaviruses are noticeable in respiratory emissions in an enormous level of solid children, 11 what's more, the degree to which this is likewise observed in COVID-19 is indistinct.
Drawn out
viral shedding in indicative people, joined with shedding in asymptomatic people, would render contact following and other general wellbeing measures to alleviate spread less viable. 16
COVID-19 affects children differently
Kids seem to have a lot of lower paces of disease with the new coronavirus than grown-ups, however most reports on COVID-19 in adolescents have concentrated distinctly on little gatherings. A group of Chinese scientists has investigated information from 24 before considers including a sum of almost 2,600 kids with COVID-19, empowering them to reveal insight into manners by which the infection demonstrations diversely in pediatric patients. They gave an account of Sunday in the Journal of Medical Virology that the most widely recognized research center test anomaly saw in grown-ups was a low degree of invulnerable cells called lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). This condition, known as lymphopenia, created in up to 80% of grown-ups yet in under 10% of youngsters. Then again, kids - especially newborn children - were bound to have raised degrees of cardiovascular compounds that demonstrate heart injury. They likewise found extra contrasts. The paces of serious ailment and basic sickness in grown-ups were 14% and 5%, separately (as indicated by prior reports). That contrasted and 4.4% and 0.9% in youngsters. Fever happened in up to 99% of grown-ups yet in 43% of kids; hack in up to 82% of grown-ups however 43% of youngsters. Brevity of breath and intense respiratory trouble condition (ARDS) were uncommon in kids, yet stomach related tract indications like loose bowels were more typical in kids than in adults. 17
How covid-19 effects childrens
Youngsters, and particularly young kids, appear to be more safe than grown-ups to the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Less of them have come down with the infection, and of those, in excess of a third have indicated no side effects. Studies have seen youngsters as more outlandish than grown-ups to show serious breathing issues, and bound to show side effects like fever, hacking, sniffling, and stomach upset, in accordance with other basic youth diseases. Just 3.6 percent of all U.S. coronavirus cases so far have been of those under age 18. Of the in excess of 98,000 Americans who had passed on from COVID-19 as of May 20, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention evaluates just 176 were more youthful than 25, including 10 babies through age 4; 14 kids ages 5 to 14, and the rest ages 15 through 24. The Pediatric COVID-19 U.S. Case Registry at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, which has followed in excess of 1,000 new COVID-19 cases among U.S. youngsters this spring, saw around 1 of every 5 required as hospitalized, and none had kicked the bucket as of May 21. Think about every one of these investigations while taking other factors into consideration, however, on the grounds that kids generally speaking have been altogether more averse to be tried for the novel coronavirus in light of the fact that they will in general show less and milder indications that can be confused with other normal diseases. They additionally have been less inclined to be a piece of enormous scope considers investigating COVID-19's belongings, which will in general spotlight on more established and progressively defenseless gatherings—however there is some proof that dark and Native American kids and those with existing respiratory issues like asthma might be at higher danger of genuine disease than different understudies.
"The avoidance of kids from COVID-19 clinical preliminaries is a huge lost chance to produce ideal information to control treatment of pediatric populaces," contended Thomas Hwang, a pediatric scientist at Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Hwang and his associates found that of 275 COVID-19 treatment considers began by early April, just 30 have included patients more youthful than 18. Furthermore, as additional time passes, scientists are finding a few youngsters have longer-term complexities from the infection. 18, 19, 20
Laboratory diagnosis
The white blood cell is regularly typical normal or diminished with diminished neutrophil 21 and additionally lymphocyte count. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. Thrombocytopenia may occur. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 C-receptive protein and procalcitonin levels are frequently normal 27, 28 In extreme cases, raised liver enzymes, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 lactate dehydrogenase levels, 29, 30 just as an irregular coagulation and raised D-dimers have been reported. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
Radiological diagnosis
On chest radiography, youngsters for the most part show reciprocal sketchy airspace combinations regularly at the fringe of the lungs, peribronchial thickening and ground-glass opacities. 31, 32, 33 Chest CT for the most part shows airspace solidifications and ground-glass opacities 34, 35
How to keep children safe during covid-19 times[36]
cross the world, because of the spread of coronavirus sickness (COVID-19), youngsters are influenced by physical separating, isolates and across the nation school terminations. A few kids and youngsters might be feeling increasingly detached, on edge, exhausted and uncertain. They may feel dread, and anguish, over the effect of the infection on their families.
Ways to keep children safe
Keep them safe with open communication
Have a legitimate exchange with your kids about who they speak with and how. Ensure they comprehend the estimation of kind and strong connections and that mean, prejudicial or unseemly contact is rarely satisfactory. On the off chance that your kids experience any of these, urge them to let you know or a confided in grown-up right away. Be alert if your kid has all the earmarks of being vexed or cryptic with online exercises or in the event that they are encountering cyberbullying. Work with your kid to build up rules on how, when and where gadgets can be utilized.
Use technology
Watch that your kid's gadget is running the most recent programming and antivirus programs, and that security settings are on. Keep webcams shrouded when not being used. For more youthful youngsters, devices, for example, parental controls, including safe pursuit, can help keep online encounters positive. Be wary of free online instructive assets. Your kid ought to never need to give a photograph or their complete name to utilize these assets. Make sure to check the protection settings to limit information assortment. Help your kid figure out how to keep individual data hidden, particularly from outsiders.
Spend time with them
Make open doors for your kid to have sheltered and positive online collaborations with companions, family and you. Associating with others is a higher priority than any time in recent memory right now and this can be a magnificent open door for you to display consideration and compassion in your "virtual cooperations". Help your youngster perceive and stay away from deception and age-improper substance that may expand uneasiness about the COVID-19 infection. Numerous advanced assets from solid associations like UNICEF and the World Health Organization are accessible for you and your kid to find out about the infection together.
Encourage online healthy habits
Promote and monitor good behavior online and on video calls. Encourage your children to be kind and respectful to classmates, to be mindful of what clothes they wear and to avoid joining video calls from a bedroom. Familiarize yourself with school policies and helplines to report cyberbullying or inappropriate online content. As children spend more time online, they can be exposed to more advertising that may promote unhealthy foods, gender stereotypes or age-inappropriate material. Help them recognize online ads and use the opportunity to explore together what is wrong with some of the negative messaging you see.
Let them have fun
Spending time at home can be a great opportunity for your children to use their voices online to share their views and support those in need during this crisis.Encourage your child to take advantage of digital tools that get them up and moving, like online exercise videos for kids and video games that require physical movement. Remember to balance online recreation with offline activities, including time outside, if possible.
Conclusion
There are numerous mental health threats associated with the current pandemic and subsequent restrictions. Child and adolescent psychiatrists must ensure continuity of care during all phases of the pandemic. COVID-19-associated mental health risks will disproportionately hit children and adolescents who are already disadvantaged and marginalized. Research is needed to assess the implications of policies enacted to contain the pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents, and to estimate the risk/beneft ratio of measures such as home schooling, in order to be better prepared for future developments.
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